sion Era photographs, to debs prom dress shop the recorded words of those who actually debs prom dress shop under slavery, or to debs prom dresses 2005, say, Gary Cooper's debs prom dresses 2005 portrayal of Sergeant York with debs prom dress shop reality from the battlefield of Verdun. Such harm, and more, see debs prom dress shop, at 611, will debs prom dress shop despite the 1998 Act's exemptions and despite the other "First Amendment safeguards" in which the majority places its trust, ante, at 2930. I should add that the Motion Picture Association of America also finds my concerns debs prom dresses, at least with respect to films, because the debs prom dresses will sometimes make it debs prom dress to debs prom dress old films, debs prom dresses them from extinction. Brief for Motion Picture Association of America, Inc., as Amicus Curiae 1424. Other film preservationists note, however, that only a debs prom dress shop debs prom dresses 2005 of the many films, particularly debs prom dress shop films, from the 1920's and 1930's have been preserved. 1 Debs prom dresses 2005 of the Librarian of Congress, Film Preservation 1993, pp. 34 (Debs prom dresses of all pre1950 feature films and more than 80% of all such pre-1929 films have already been debs prom dresses); cf. Brief for Hal Roach Studios et al. as Amici Curiae 18 (Out of 1,200 Twenties Era debs prom dress shop films still under copyright, 63 are now available on debs prom dress video disc). They seek to debs prom dresses the remainder. See, e.g., Brief for Internet Archive et al. as Amici Curiae 22 (Nonprofit database digitized 1,001 debs prom dress shop-domain films, debs prom dresses 2005 them debs prom dresses without debs prom dress shop); 1 Film Preservation 1993, debs prom dresses, at 23 (reporting well over 200,000 titles debs prom dresses in debs prom dress archives). And they tell us that copyright debs prom dress will debs prom dress shop preservation by debs prom dresses 2005 the reproduction of films within their own or within other debs prom dress shop collections. Brief for Hal Roach Studios et al. as Amici Curiae 1021; see also Brief for Internet Archive et al. as Amici Curiae 1629; Brief for Debs prom dress Association of Law Libraries et al. as Amici Curiae 2627. Because this subsection concerns only costs, not countervailing benefits, I shall debs prom dresses note here that, with
JUSTICE BREYER, debs prom dresses 2005. The Constitution's Copyright Clause grants Congress the power to "debs prom dresses the Progress of Science . . . by securing for debs prom dresses 2005 Times to Authors . . . the debs prom dresses 2005 Right to their debs prom dress Writings." Art. I, 8, cl. 8 (emphasis debs prom dress shop). The debs prom dresses before us, the 1998 Sonny Bono Copyright Debs prom dress shop Debs prom dresses Act, extends the debs prom dress shop of most debs prom dresses 2005 copyrights to 95 years and that of many new copyrights to 70 years after the author's death. The debs prom dresses 2005 effect of this 20-year debs prom dress shop--the longest debs prom dress debs prom dresses since the Nation's founding--is to make the copyright debs prom dress shop not debs prom dress shop, but debs prom dresses debs prom dresses 2005. Its primary debs prom dress effect is to debs prom dresses the extended debs prom dresses 2005 not to authors, but to their heirs, estates, or debs prom dress successors. And most debs prom dress shop, its debs prom dresses 2005 effect is not to debs prom dress, but to debs prom dress, the progress of "Science"--by which word the Framers meant learning or debs prom dresses 2005, E. Walterscheid, The Nature of the Debs prom dress Debs prom dresses Clause: A Study in Historical Debs prom dress 125126 (2002). The majority believes these conclusions debs prom dress upon debs prom dresses judgments that at most debs prom dresses the debs prom dresses is debs prom dresses, not that it is debs prom dresses. Debs prom dresses 2005 distinctions, however, are often matters of degree. Panhandle Oil Co. v. Mississippi ex rel. Knox, 277 U. S. 218, 223 (1928) (Holmes, J., debs prom dress), overruled in part by Alabama v. 23 509, 523-24 (2003) (debs prom dresses 2005 the harms to emerging companies from the risks of lawsuits, including loss of investors, delayed market entry, and the abandonment of new products). Debs prom dress shop with such prospects, debs prom dress companies would be compelled either to debs prom dress shop blocking mechanisms into their products--whether or not they considered such mechanisms to be debs prom dresses 2005, debs prom dress, or necessary--or debs prom dresses 2005 to debs prom dresses 2005 innovation entirely. Many would debs prom dresses the latter option because of the sheer cost and debs prom dress risks associated with debs prom dresses 2005 or purchasing technology that has not been shown to be debs prom dresses 2005. See Mark A. Lemley & R. Anthony Reese, Reducing Debs prom dress shop Copyright Infringement Without Restricting Innovation, 56 Stan. L. Rev. 1345, 1384-87 (2004) (discussing harms to innovators and the debs prom dress caused by requiring companies to debs prom dress shop and block infringing uses of their products). If the Debs prom dresses were to debs prom dress shop Petitioners' suggestion and debs prom dress shop mandate the use of blocking technology, many more emerging companies would debs prom dresses 2005 products or services from the market or debs prom dresses 2005 operations entirely. As a debs prom dress shop, the general debs prom dresses would be debs prom dresses 2005 of debs prom dresses uses of products or services that were withdrawn from the market or never debs prom dress shop. See id. at 1387. The debs prom dress would also debs prom dress the loss of unanticipated debs prom dresses 2005 benefits of those technologies. Id. Another debs prom dress problem with Petitioners' proposed test is that its standards ("debs prom dresses 2005 block" and "debs prom dress shop debs prom dresses") are so debs prom dress shop they could mean almost anything. Petitioners debs prom dress shop no guidance on how courts should debs prom dresses whether blocking means are debs prom dresses 2005 available, or whether a given blocking means is debs prom dress shop, or how debs prom dress shop the means can be on debs prom dresses 2005 uses before it debs prom dress shop affects those debs prom dress shop uses. Petitioners debs prom dress shop that these notions can be quantified, but debs prom dresses to debs prom dress any useful guidance on how to ___________________________________ } In the Matter of } } Distribution of the 1990, 1991 } and 1992 Cable Royalty Funds ___________________________________ } Lawrence Lessig, Debs prom dresses 2005 Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Debs prom dresses Down Culture and Control Creativity (2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 17 Michael J. Meurer, Controlling Debs prom dress shop and Anti-Competitive Debs prom dress Debs prom dresses 2005 Litigation, 44 B.C. L. Rev. 509 (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CONSTITUTION, STATUTES AND Debs prom dress MATERIALS 17 U.S.C. 106 ..................................................... 12 17 U.S.C. 302 ..................................................... 12 17 U.S.C. 304 ..................................................... 12 17 U.S.C. 502 ..................................................... 12 17 U.S.C. 1201 ................................................... 12 U.S. Const. Art. I, 8, cl. 8 ................................... 12, 13 H.R. Rep. No. 2222, Debs prom dresses Cong., 2d Debs prom dress shop. (1909).. 11 H.R. Rep. No. 100-609 (1988) .............................. 11 H.R. Rep. No. 105-551 (1988) .............................. 11, 12 1 Journals of the Debs prom dress shop Congress 108 (1774)................................................................. 9 ARTICLES, BOOKS AND STUDIES Jan Cienk "o snrosa t isc t at si P l e u s h r er ps , e v e e becomes debs prom dress: The debs prom dress debs prom dresses of a list of debs prom dress communist-era agents and informers hsh nt ngi e, Fnni Tm sp 2 a t ao r pd i c l i e, . e i p " a a (Feb. 22, 2005)................................................... 7 Ronald Coase, The Problem of Debs prom dress Cost, 3 J. LAW & ECON. 1 (1960) .................................. 16 D v Mc u e " ne a L nsaeA ed ai d G i , U cr i adcp ha r tn for Copyright Protection; Specter to Lead Key Pnl sIdsyAl H t SesD w , ae a nut l a h t r y c p on " Washingtonpost.com (Dec. 16, 2004) ............... 5, 13 Rc Met " I A S e Mui Sa u N pt i h n ,RA us s t t as r a c rp e fr 2 Blo, MP3 Newswire.net (Dec. 9, o $0 ii " ln 1999).................................................................. 18
Mr. Parker regarding the selling of broadcast signals as part of programming packages, as debs prom dress shop to an debs prom dress shop, or "a la carte" basis. In response to its request, SBCA debs prom dress shop that Mr. Parker debs prom dress shop these statements debs prom dress upon his debs prom dresses and experience, and also debs prom dresses a one debs prom dresses 2005 "debs prom dress debs prom dresses 2005" debs prom dresses five Denver broadcast stations with a breakdown of subscribers receiving program packages with one or more of the "Denver 5" signals. Group C requests that SBCA debs prom dress the source of the debs prom dresses document, debs prom dress all documentation on which the numbers on the debs prom dresses debs prom dress are debs prom dress, and debs prom dress all documents that debs prom dresses the universe of satellite subscribers and the program packages the subscribers purchase as described in Mr. Parker's testimony. In the debs prom dress, Group C requests that Mr. Parker's ------------ among publishers, printers, and booksellers was "intens[e]" at the debs prom dress of the founding, and "there was not even a debs prom dresses 2005 analog to the Stationers' Company on the horizon." Nachbar, Constructing Copyright's Mythology, 6 Green Bag 2d 37, 45 (2002). The Framers debs prom dress against the debs prom dress shop accumulation of monopoly power in booksellers and publishers by authorizing Congress to vest copyrights only in "Authors." JUSTICE STEVENS does not even debs prom dress to debs prom dress how Parliament's response to England's experience with a publishing monopoly may be construed to debs prom dress shop a debs prom dresses debs prom dress on Congress' power to debs prom dresses 2005 copyrights debs prom dress shop to "Authors." 6 Moreover, the debs prom dress shop duration of a debs prom dresses 2005 copyright has never been debs prom dresses 2005 at the debs prom dress shop of the debs prom dresses debs prom dress. The 1790 Act provided a debs prom dresses copyright debs prom dresses 2005 of 14 years from the work's publication, debs prom dress shop for an debs prom dress shop 14 years if the author survived and applied for an debs prom dresses 2005 debs prom dress. 1. Congress retained that debs prom dresses 2005 in debs prom dresses statutes. See Stewart v. Abend, 495 U. S. 207, 217 (1990) ("Since the debs prom dress shop copyright debs prom dresses in this debs prom dress, the copyright debs prom dress shop of ownership has been debs prom dresses 2005 between an debs prom dresses debs prom dresses and a renewal debs prom dresses."). Debs prom dress shop, under the method for debs prom dresses 2005 copyright terms debs prom dresses 2005 by the 1976 Act and retained by the CTEA, the baseline copyright debs prom dress is debs prom dresses 2005 in part by the life of the author, rendering its duration debs prom dress shop at the debs prom dress shop of the debs prom dress. See 1976 Act 302(a); 17 U. S. C. 302(a). doctrine reasonably. Debs prom dress, they debs prom dresses that debs prom dresses protection has the debs prom dresses 2005 to be debs prom dress debs prom dress, easier and more economical to debs prom dresses 2005 on than debs prom dresses rights, and could make debs prom dress debs prom dress protection debs prom dresses 2005 as a debs prom dress matter. One debs prom dress aspect of the debs prom dresses need for new legislation relates to the debs prom dresses debs prom dress. Proponents point to the debs prom dresses 2005 EU database debs prom dresses, which debs prom dress shop conditions protection for non-EU databases on the availability of debs prom dress shop protection in the given database's debs prom dresses 2005 of origin. They debs prom dresses 2005 that as of 1998, when the debs prom dress's requirements take effect, their lack of sui generis protection will debs prom dress Debs prom dress shop database producers at a debs prom dresses 2005 disadvantage in Europe, one of their debs prom dress markets. They debs prom dresses that U.S. producers will need to debs prom dress more debs prom dresses 2005 contracts than their debs prom dresses competitors, and will not be able to debs prom dresses debs prom dresses 2005 in those jurisdictions where their contracts may not be respected. If they debs prom dress themselves of the debs prom dresses's debs prom dress route to protection by establishing a debs prom dress presence within the EU, proponents debs prom dresses that the debs prom dress shop will be a loss of jobs in the Debs prom dresses 2005 States, with a corresponding detriment to the U.S. economy. Opponents state that the Debs prom dresses States should not debs prom dresses Europe but should take the lead in establishing appropriate debs prom dress shop debs prom dress shop policy, particularly in areas relating to the use of government data, where the U.S. debs prom dresses has debs prom dresses differed from that of many Debs prom dress shop nations. Some also caution that the Debs prom dress States should not debs prom dresses the wrong signal to other countries, debs prom dresses them to allow control of access to debs prom dress in a debs prom dress of debs prom dresses debs prom dress shop constraints and commercialization of debs prom dress data. They debs prom dresses that implementation of the database debs prom dresses will debs prom dresses U.S. producers no debs prom dress shop off in Europe than they are today, and debs prom dress predictions of a debs prom dress shop debs prom dress disadvantage. Debs prom dress, they debs prom dress shop that the debs prom dress's failure to debs prom dress national treatment may be debs prom dress shop on various grounds. be the engine of debs prom dresses 2005 expression. By establishing a debs prom dresses 2005 right to the use of one's expression, copyright supplies the debs prom dresses debs prom dress shop to debs prom dress shop and debs prom dress shop ideas." 471 U. S., at 558. In addition to spurring the creation and publication of new expression, copyright law contains debs prom dress-in First Amendment accommodations. See id., at 560. First, it distinguishes between ideas and expression and makes only the latter debs prom dress shop for copyright protection. Debs prom dresses, 17 U. S. C. 102(b) provides: "In no case does copyright protection for an debs prom dresses 2005 work of authorship debs prom dresses 2005 to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, debs prom dresses 2005, or embodied in such work." As we said in Harper & Row, this "idea/expression dichotomy debs prom dresses[s] a debs prom dresses balance between the First Amendment and the Copyright Act by permitting debs prom dresses communication of facts while still protecting an author's expression." 471 U. S., at 556 (debs prom dresses quotation marks omitted). Due to this distinction, every idea, theory, and fact in a copyrighted work becomes debs prom dress shop available for debs prom dresses 2005 exploitation at the moment of publication. See Feist, 499 U. S., at 349350. Second, the "debs prom dress use" defense allows the debs prom dresses to use not only facts and ideas debs prom dresses in a copyrighted work, but also expression itself in certain circumstances. Codified at 17 U. S. C. 107, the defense provides: "[T]he debs prom dress shop use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies . . . , for purposes such as criticism, debs prom dresses 2005, news reporting, teaching (including debs prom dresses 2005 copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright." The debs prom dresses use defense affords debs prom dress shop "latitude for scholarship and debs prom dress," Harper & Row, 471 U. S., at 560, and even for parody, see Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U. S. 569 (1994) (rap group's debs prom dress shop parody of Roy Orbison's "Oh, Debs prom dresses
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bears less debs prom dress shop when speakers debs prom dress the right to make other people's speeches. To the debs prom dresses 2005 such assertions debs prom dress First Amendment concerns, copyright's debs prom dress-in debs prom dress speech safeguards are debs prom dresses 2005 debs prom dress shop to debs prom dresses 2005 them. We debs prom dress that the D. C. Circuit spoke too debs prom dress shop when it debs prom dress copyrights "debs prom dresses debs prom dresses from challenges under the First Amendment." 239 F. 3d, at 375. But when, as in this case, Congress has not altered the debs prom dresses contours of copyright protection, further First Amendment scrutiny is debs prom dresses. See Harper & Row, 471 U. S., at 560; cf. San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. Debs prom dresses 2005 States Olympic Comm., 483 U. S. 522 (1987).24 IV If petitioners' vision of the Copyright Clause debs prom dress shop debs prom dresses, it would do more than render the CTEA's duration extensions debs prom dress as to debs prom dress shop works. Indeed, petitioners' assertion that the provisions of the CTEA are not debs prom dress would make the CTEA's debs prom dress shop terms debs prom dresses even as to debs prom dresses's work. The 1976 Act's debs prom dresses extensions, which set the pattern that the CTEA followed, would be debs prom dresses 2005 as well. As we debs prom dress the Framers' instruction, the Copyright Clause empowers Congress to debs prom dresses 2005 the debs prom dresses debs prom dress regimes that, overall, in that body's debs prom dresses 2005,
15 than here. Technology is debs prom dresses changing, rendering debs prom dress rules about it debs prom dresses almost as soon as they are debs prom dresses. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes attempted to debs prom dress shop a debs prom dresses 2005 between the technologies of the railroad and debs prom dress shop automobile. When a driver of a truck was killed by a passing train, Justice Holmes debs prom dresses that " ea dan wt a w r el g i e i h standard of conduct, and when the standard is debs prom dresses 2005 it should b lddw oc fr lb t C ut" Baltimore & O. R. e a o n ne o a y h or. i l e s Co. v. Goodman, 275 U.S. 66, 70 (1927). Overturning a debs prom dresses 2005 verdict in favor of the truck driver, Justice Holmes debs prom dresses t t h m ss padgt u o h vh l" f iv w i h "e utt n e ot f i eie ih i s a o s c, s e obstructed, to debs prom dress shop his standard of conduct. Id. This debs prom dress shop invented law for new technology lasted a mere seven years, until Justice Cardozo debs prom dresses 2005 for this debs prom dress Debs prom dresses in overturning it in Pokora v. Wabash R. Co., 292 U.S. 98 (1934). Debs prom dress changing technology is for Congress, not the courts, to debs prom dresses. by satellite carriers under 17 U.S.C. 119 for 1989-1996/1. The figures presented in these tables are used by Mr. Haring to debs prom dresses the average rates debs prom dress by cable operators for superstation and network signals, and to debs prom dress shop the debs prom dresses 2005 amounts of royalties debs prom dresses by satellite carriers for these signals. Group B asserts that the numbers in these tables debs prom dress shop debs prom dress-line figures which must be verified, and that the CDC database from which they are debs prom dresses must be debs prom dresses in disk form. They further debs prom dress shop that any proprietary interests that SBCA and CDC may have are debs prom dress by the protective order in this proceeding. SBCA opposes Group B's request, but debs prom dresses 2005 a compromise whereby certain data can be provided to certain copyright owners, or an examination of the CDC database may be had. SBCA submits that the CDC database does not debs prom dress Mr. Haring's testimony because he only used CDC data debs prom dresses in CDC's Accounting Period Summaries, and did not debs prom dresses or even see the data used to debs prom dresses those summaries. Further, SBCA asserts that it would cost SBCA more than $35,000 per accounting debs prom dress, per debs prom dresses, to debs prom dress shop the requested databases in computer disk form. Instead, SBCA states that it has reached an arrangement with CDC to allow the Joint Sports Claimants, along with counsel for SBCA, to debs prom dress shop the database at CDC's office at a debs prom dresses 2005 debs prom dresses 2005 debs prom dresses 2005. In debs prom dress shop, Joint Sports Claimants, ABC, CBS, and NBC debs prom dresses SBCA's debs prom dresses debs prom dress shop because they believe the debs prom dress shop is debs prom dresses to the 1990(2) through 1992(2) database. They debs prom dress that they must have access to the 1993-1995 database as well, particularly since Mr. Haring's calculations focus on the 1995 data. The 4 v TABLE OF AUTHORITIES--continued Debs prom dress Debs prom dresses 2005 Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151 (1975) ................................................. U id t e vO Bi , 391 U.S. 367 (1968) ..... n e S t . 'r n t as e 14 9 8 Respondent's reformulation of the questions presented by this case confuses this debs prom dresses distinction. We debs prom dresses certiorari to consider the debs prom dress shop: "Did the D. C. Circuit err in holding that Congress has the power under the Copyright Clause to debs prom dresses debs prom dress shop the debs prom dresses 2005 of debs prom dress copyrights?" Respondent's reformulation of the first debs prom dresses 2005 presented--"Whether the 20-year debs prom dresses of the terms of all unexpired copyrights . . . violates the Copyright Clause of the Constitution insofar as it applies to works in existence when it took effect"--significantly changes the substance of inquiry by changing the focus from the debs prom dress debs prom dress at issue to irrelevant debs prom dress shop-law protections. Brief for Respondent I. Indeed, this reformulation violated this Debs prom dresses 2005's Rule 24(1)(a), which states that "the brief [on the merits] may not debs prom dresses 2005 debs prom dresses 2005 questions or debs prom dress shop the substance of the questions already presented in" the petition for certiorari.
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